What effect does urbanization have on the hydrologic cycle?

Urbanization significantly impacts the hydrologic cycle primarily by disrupting natural water flow and increasing runoff. When natural landscapes, such as forests and wetlands, are replaced with impermeable surfaces like roads and buildings, water can no longer infiltrate the ground as effectively. These hard surfaces lead to increased surface runoff because precipitation cannot seep into the ground, which can result in higher peak flows in rivers and streams, increased flooding, and erosion.

Additionally, the alteration of the land surface can change the natural drainage patterns. Urban areas often have stormwater systems designed to manage this runoff, but the overall process still disturbs the natural balance of the hydrologic cycle. This disruption can lead to various environmental issues, such as water quality degradation and reduced groundwater replenishment, highlighting how urbanization fundamentally alters the movement and retention of water in the ecosystem.